Different Z setting per channel - possible on Zeiss/Leica?

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Graham Wright-5 Graham Wright-5
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Different Z setting per channel - possible on Zeiss/Leica?

Search the CONFOCAL archive at
http://listserv.acsu.buffalo.edu/cgi-bin/wa?S1=confocal

Hello,

Here's question that I've been asked that doesn't seem possible to do, but I
wonder if anyone has already done it? One of our users has a fixed sample
with 3 fluorophores (for ease of explanation blue, green and red) and would
like to image all three channels, but with different z setting depending on
the channel. She would like a single medial optical section of the blue and
red channels, but a full z-series from the green channel.

We have both Zeiss (from the LSM 510 series) and Leica (SPE and SP5)
confocals available to us.

I know this is easy by doing 2 different scans: 1 2-channel scan of the blue
and red, then a second scan of a z-series of the green, BUT is it possible
to do this at the single click of a button to save time and user input. It
is possible on the SP5 using the live data mode, but this scope is really
reserved and heavily used for live cell imaging. Our SPE doesn't have live
data mode and therefore applies any Z settings to all sequential scans
(generating unnecessary quantities of data and taking too long).

Any suggestions welcome,
Thanks,
Graham
RICHARD BURRY RICHARD BURRY
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Re: Different Z setting per channel - possible on Zeiss/Leica?

Search the CONFOCAL archive at http://listserv.acsu.buffalo.edu/cgi-bin/wa?S1=confocal

Graham

 

While this is not elegant, we collect all three fluorochromes at the same time in a single z stack with the 510.  With the single track option (assuming no bleed through) this will take no more time that a single z tack.  The advantage is that you can sellect one z section, with one fluorophore and know where that fits with regard to all three fluorophores in the z stack.  The only down side is that the data files are larger.

 

In fact we frequently add a DIC image to the Z stack just so we have a historical record of cells.  The DIC is not confocal but a single DIC image is sometimes very useful, and it takes no more time to add a DIC.  For viewing, the DIC channel can turned off when so only the other channels are seen.

 

Dick Burry



----- Original Message -----
From: "Dr. Graham Wright" <[hidden email]>
Date: Wednesday, September 10, 2008 9:27 pm
Subject: Different Z setting per channel - possible on Zeiss/Leica?
To: [hidden email]

> Search the CONFOCAL archive at
> http://listserv.acsu.buffalo.edu/cgi-bin/wa?S1=confocal
>
> Hello,
>
> Here's question that I've been asked that doesn't seem possible
> to do, but I
> wonder if anyone has already done it? One of our users has a
> fixed sample
> with 3 fluorophores (for ease of explanation blue, green and
> red) and would
> like to image all three channels, but with different z setting
> depending on
> the channel. She would like a single medial optical section of
> the blue and
> red channels, but a full z-series from the green channel.
>
> We have both Zeiss (from the LSM 510 series) and Leica (SPE and
> SP5)
> confocals available to us.
>
> I know this is easy by doing 2 different scans: 1 2-channel scan
> of the blue
> and red, then a second scan of a z-series of the green, BUT is
> it possible
> to do this at the single click of a button to save time and user
> input. It
> is possible on the SP5 using the live data mode, but this scope
> is really
> reserved and heavily used for live cell imaging. Our SPE doesn't
> have live
> data mode and therefore applies any Z settings to all sequential
> scans
> (generating unnecessary quantities of data and taking too long).
>
> Any suggestions welcome,
> Thanks,
> Graham
>
>
> --
> BEGIN-ANTISPAM-VOTING-LINKS
> ------------------------------------------------------
>
> Teach CanIt if this mail (ID 678485001) is spam:
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Rietdorf, Jens Rietdorf, Jens
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Re: Different Z setting per channel - possible on Zeiss/Leica?

In reply to this post by Graham Wright-5
Search the CONFOCAL archive at
http://listserv.acsu.buffalo.edu/cgi-bin/wa?S1=confocal

Hello Graham,

On the 510 you can do the following:
-create 2 tracks (or configurations, depending if you wish to change any
parameter but the colors), (a) for the 'blue & red', (b) for the
'green'.
-Mark stack top & bottom in the z settings dialog.
-press the 'median' button from the z settings dialog and acquire a
single plane with condition (a) then
-acquire a stack selecting condition (b).

You could then project the (b) or a subset of it and merge it with the
(a), though this will produce a complicated picture, which needs quite
some explanation.

You can automate the procedure using the 'multi-time' macro downloadable
from the Zeiss microscopy website, but I would not do it for just one
set of data, because the macro is quite difficult to handle.

The above mentioned procedure does only make sense if the green channel
is bleaching too quickly than to allow for taking a stack as well in
this channel.

Hope that helps, jens.


---
dr. jens rietdorf
head microscopy
novartis research foundation
friedrich-miescher-institute, wro1066.2.16
maulbeerstr.66, 4058 basel, switzerland
couriel:rietdorf(at)fmi(dot)ch
fon: +41616975172
fax: +41616973976



-----Original Message-----
From: Confocal Microscopy List [mailto:[hidden email]] On
Behalf Of Dr. Graham Wright
Sent: Thursday, September 11, 2008 3:31 AM
To: [hidden email]
Subject: Different Z setting per channel - possible on Zeiss/Leica?

Search the CONFOCAL archive at
http://listserv.acsu.buffalo.edu/cgi-bin/wa?S1=confocal

Hello,

Here's question that I've been asked that doesn't seem possible to do,
but I
wonder if anyone has already done it? One of our users has a fixed
sample
with 3 fluorophores (for ease of explanation blue, green and red) and
would
like to image all three channels, but with different z setting depending
on
the channel. She would like a single medial optical section of the blue
and
red channels, but a full z-series from the green channel.

We have both Zeiss (from the LSM 510 series) and Leica (SPE and SP5)
confocals available to us.

I know this is easy by doing 2 different scans: 1 2-channel scan of the
blue
and red, then a second scan of a z-series of the green, BUT is it
possible
to do this at the single click of a button to save time and user input.
It
is possible on the SP5 using the live data mode, but this scope is
really
reserved and heavily used for live cell imaging. Our SPE doesn't have
live
data mode and therefore applies any Z settings to all sequential scans
(generating unnecessary quantities of data and taking too long).

Any suggestions welcome,
Thanks,
Graham
Barbara Foster Barbara Foster
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Re: Different Z setting per channel - possible on Zeiss/Leica?

In reply to this post by Graham Wright-5
Search the CONFOCAL archive at http://listserv.acsu.buffalo.edu/cgi-bin/wa?S1=confocal Dear Dick

I applaud your using DIC as a reference for your fluorescence. 

Also, you've made an interesting comment re: DIC not being confocal. Of all techniques, DIC has the shallowest depth of focus, so it is very nearly confocal.  You can test this using a simple cheek cell smear.  Set with the condenser aperture wide open and the beam splitters on optimum shear (dove gray background).  You can readily focus on the bacteria and folds on the top of a cheek cell,  then focus on granules and structures within the cytoplasm, then on the folds where the cell adheres to the slide.

For those of you who are interested in more of the details behind how DIC works, there is a scan of an old article from the April 1988 American Lab on our website, <a href="http://www.microscopyeducation.com. /" eudora="autourl"> www.MicroscopyEducation.com. Just go to The Library and Articles.  They are listed in chronological order, with the most recent at  the top.

Good hunting!

Best regards,
Barbara Foster, President

Microscopy/Microscopy Education
7101 Royal Glen Trail, Suite A
McKinney TX 75070
P: (972)924-5310
Skype: fostermme
W: www.MicroscopyEducation.com

NEWS! Visit the NEW and IMPROVED www.MicroscopyEducation.com! And don't forget:  MME is now scheduling customized, on-site courses through Dec 2008.  Call me for a free assessment and quote.





At 09:23 PM 9/10/2008, you wrote:.
Search the CONFOCAL archive at http://listserv.acsu.buffalo.edu/cgi-bin/wa?S1=confocal

Graham<?xml:namespace prefix = o ns = "urn:schemas-microsoft-com:office:office" />

 

While this is not elegant, we collect all three fluorochromes at the same time in a single z stack with the 510.  With the single track option (assuming no bleed through) this will take no more time that a single z tack.  The advantage is that you can sellect one z section, with one fluorophore and know where that fits with regard to all three fluorophores in the z stack.  The only down side is that the data files are larger.

 

In fact we frequently add a DIC image to the Z stack just so we have a historical record of cells.  The DIC is not confocal but a single DIC image is sometimes very useful, and it takes no more time to add a DIC.  For viewing, the DIC channel can turned off when so only the other channels are seen.

 

Dick Burry


----- Original Message -----
From: "Dr. Graham Wright" <[hidden email]>
Date: Wednesday, September 10, 2008 9:27 pm
Subject: Different Z setting per channel - possible on Zeiss/Leica?
To: [hidden email]

> Search the CONFOCAL archive at
> http://listserv.acsu.buffalo.edu/cgi-bin/wa?S1=confocal
>
> Hello,
>
> Here's question that I've been asked that doesn't seem possible
> to do, but I
> wonder if anyone has already done it? One of our users has a
> fixed sample
> with 3 fluorophores (for ease of explanation blue, green and
> red) and would
> like to image all three channels, but with different z setting
> depending on
> the channel. She would like a single medial optical section of
> the blue and
> red channels, but a full z-series from the green channel.
>
> We have both Zeiss (from the LSM 510 series) and Leica (SPE and
> SP5)
> confocals available to us.
>
> I know this is easy by doing 2 different scans: 1 2-channel scan
> of the blue
> and red, then a second scan of a z-series of the green, BUT is
> it possible
> to do this at the single click of a button to save time and user
> input. It
> is possible on the SP5 using the live data mode, but this scope
> is really
> reserved and heavily used for live cell imaging. Our SPE doesn't
> have live
> data mode and therefore applies any Z settings to all sequential
> scans
> (generating unnecessary quantities of data and taking too long).
>
> Any suggestions welcome,
> Thanks,
> Graham
>
>
> --
> BEGIN-ANTISPAM-VOTING-LINKS
> ------------------------------------------------------
>
> Teach CanIt if this mail (ID 678485001) is spam:
> Spam:       
> https://antispam.osu.edu/b.php?c=s&i=678485001&m=c6a1d1b19215Not
> spam:    https://antispam.osu.edu/b.php?c=n&i=678485001&m=c6a1d1b19215
> Forget vote:
> https://antispam.osu.edu/b.php?c=f&i=678485001&m=c6a1d1b19215 ----
> --------------------------------------------------
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Rosemary.White Rosemary.White
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DIC on confocal - OK with non-oscillating laser polarity....

Search the CONFOCAL archive at http://listserv.acsu.buffalo.edu/cgi-bin/wa?S1=confocal DIC on confocal - OK with non-oscillating laser polarity.... Dear Barbara et al.,

DIC is less useful when you use confocal partly as a way to look at the surface of quite thick tissues, e.g. sections of living plant tissues which have to be at least as thick as the cell - up to 200 microns.  DIC doesn’t do so well then, and I prefer to use transmitted brightfield.  This is especially true for those of us with Leica SP2 confocals because the oscillation in polarity of the laser drives you completely mad if you’re trying to collect a z-stack with DIC – the transmitted DIC varies from very dark to saturated from one end of the stack to the other.

cheers,
Rosemary

Dr Rosemary White               [hidden email]
CSIRO Plant Industry            ph.     02-6246 5475
GPO Box 1600                        fax.     02-6246 5334
Canberra, ACT 2601            
Australia



On 11/9/08 11:51 PM, "Barbara Foster" <[hidden email]> wrote:

Search the CONFOCAL archive at http://listserv.acsu.buffalo.edu/cgi-bin/wa?S1=confocal Dear Dick

I applaud your using DIC as a reference for your fluorescence.

Also, you've made an interesting comment re: DIC not being confocal. Of all techniques, DIC has the shallowest depth of focus, so it is very nearly confocal.  You can test this using a simple cheek cell smear.  Set with the condenser aperture wide open and the beam splitters on optimum shear (dove gray background).  You can readily focus on the bacteria and folds on the top of a cheek cell,  then focus on granules and structures within the cytoplasm, then on the folds where the cell adheres to the slide.

For those of you who are interested in more of the details behind how DIC works, there is a scan of an old article from the April 1988 American Lab on our website, www.MicroscopyEducation.com.  <a href="http://www.microscopyeducation.com. /"><http://www.microscopyeducation.com. />  Just go to The Library and Articles.  They are listed in chronological order, with the most recent at  the top.

Good hunting!

Best regards,
Barbara Foster, President

Microscopy/Microscopy Education
7101 Royal Glen Trail, Suite A
McKinney TX 75070
P: (972)924-5310
Skype: fostermme
W: www.MicroscopyEducation.com

 <http://www.microscopyeducation.com/> NEWS! Visit the NEW and IMPROVED www.MicroscopyEducation.com <http://www.microscopyeducation.com/> ! And don't forget:  MME is now scheduling customized, on-site courses through Dec 2008.  Call me for a free assessment and quote.





At 09:23 PM 9/10/2008, you wrote:.
Search the CONFOCAL archive at http://listserv.acsu.buffalo.edu/cgi-bin/wa?S1=confocal

Graham<?xml:namespace prefix = o ns = "urn:schemas-microsoft-com:office:office" />

 

While this is not elegant, we collect all three fluorochromes at the same time in a single z stack with the 510.  With the single track option (assuming no bleed through) this will take no more time that a single z tack.  The advantage is that you can sellect one z section, with one fluorophore and know where that fits with regard to all three fluorophores in the z stack.  The only down side is that the data files are larger.

 

In fact we frequently add a DIC image to the Z stack just so we have a historical record of cells.  The DIC is not confocal but a single DIC image is sometimes very useful, and it takes no more time to add a DIC.  For viewing, the DIC channel can turned off when so only the other channels are seen.

 

Dick Burry


----- Original Message -----
From: "Dr. Graham Wright" <[hidden email]>
Date: Wednesday, September 10, 2008 9:27 pm
Subject: Different Z setting per channel - possible on Zeiss/Leica?
To: [hidden email]

> Search the CONFOCAL archive at
> http://listserv.acsu.buffalo.edu/cgi-bin/wa?S1=confocal
>
> Hello,
>
> Here's question that I've been asked that doesn't seem possible
> to do, but I
> wonder if anyone has already done it? One of our users has a
> fixed sample
> with 3 fluorophores (for ease of explanation blue, green and
> red) and would
> like to image all three channels, but with different z setting
> depending on
> the channel. She would like a single medial optical section of
> the blue and
> red channels, but a full z-series from the green channel.
>
> We have both Zeiss (from the LSM 510 series) and Leica (SPE and
> SP5)
> confocals available to us.
>
> I know this is easy by doing 2 different scans: 1 2-channel scan
> of the blue
> and red, then a second scan of a z-series of the green, BUT is
> it possible
> to do this at the single click of a button to save time and user
> input. It
> is possible on the SP5 using the live data mode, but this scope
> is really
> reserved and heavily used for live cell imaging. Our SPE doesn't
> have live
> data mode and therefore applies any Z settings to all sequential
> scans
> (generating unnecessary quantities of data and taking too long).
>
> Any suggestions welcome,
> Thanks,
> Graham
>
>
> --
> BEGIN-ANTISPAM-VOTING-LINKS
> ------------------------------------------------------
>
> Teach CanIt if this mail (ID 678485001) is spam:
> Spam:        
> https://antispam.osu.edu/b.php?c=s&i=678485001&m=c6a1d1b19215Not <https://antispam.osu.edu/b.php?c=s&amp;i=678485001&amp;m=c6a1d1b19215Not>  
> spam:   https://antispam.osu.edu/b.php?c=n&i=678485001&m=c6a1d1b19215 <https://antispam.osu.edu/b.php?c=n&amp;i=678485001&amp;m=c6a1d1b19215>
> Forget vote:
> https://antispam.osu.edu/b.php?c=f&i=678485001&m=c6a1d1b19215 <https://antispam.osu.edu/b.php?c=f&amp;i=678485001&amp;m=c6a1d1b19215> ----
> --------------------------------------------------
> END-ANTISPAM-VOTING-LINKS
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Christian-103 Christian-103
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Re: DIC on confocal - OK with non-oscillating laser polarity....

Search the CONFOCAL archive at http://listserv.acsu.buffalo.edu/cgi-bin/wa?S1=confocal Rosemary,

You are correct.  I've have given up trying to explain why an entire leaf will never give a decent DIC image.  Funny how those thick cell walls just play all kinds of tricks on our light.

I often tell people they'll just have to get a label to an organelle if they want confirmation, as we're not going to be able to do it via the transmitted light detector.

Christian



George McNamara George McNamara
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Re: Different Z setting per channel - possible on Zeiss/Leica?

In reply to this post by Barbara Foster
Search the CONFOCAL archive at http://listserv.acsu.buffalo.edu/cgi-bin/wa?S1=confocal

An even better reference - for adherent cells - is the confocal mode reflection of the coverglass (or slide, if the cells are on that side). Coverglass is brightest when in focus. With a 63x/1.4 NA lens, 488 nm excitation, optical slice thickness is ~0.7 um. As a bonus, you for free the interference reflection contrast of the cell-substratum adhesion (note to software manufacturers or graduate students who need an open source software project: Sackmann has published absolute distance measurements by dual wavelength IRM, see for example PubMed 14995485, but their software may not be available - would be nice to add this calculation to, say, ImageJ, Zeis LSM and Leica confocal software).

Speaking of Barbara's statement that DIC has shallowest depth of field, the only location in Z where the IRM image goes to its minimum is when an object is effectively at 'zero distance' from the coverglass, in cells these are focal adhesion sites or where filopodia touch the glass. The literature suggests this 'zero distance' is <5 nm, so this is much thinner than DIC. In the more general case (no object dependency), TIRF is likely to have a thinner depth of field than DIC. An exception with TIRF is that if an object has high refractive index at the interface, the waves/rays/photons can escape into the second medium (ex. at focal adhesions).

In the context of this thread, using DIC to focus is good if the user is trying to image, say, "nucleus", but this is unlikely to result in great reproducibility in acquiring single plane images. With the coverglass reflection method, it is easy to focus consistently on the coverglass, and have the focus motor acquire at that location and at, for example, +2 um.


George



At 09:51 AM 9/11/2008, you wrote:
Search the CONFOCAL archive at http://listserv.acsu.buffalo.edu/cgi-bin/wa?S1=confocal Dear Dick

I applaud your using DIC as a reference for your fluorescence. 

Also, you've made an interesting comment re: DIC not being confocal. Of all techniques, DIC has the shallowest depth of focus, so it is very nearly confocal.  You can test this using a simple cheek cell smear.  Set with the condenser aperture wide open and the beam splitters on optimum shear (dove gray background).  You can readily focus on the bacteria and folds on the top of a cheek cell,  then focus on granules and structures within the cytoplasm, then on the folds where the cell adheres to the slide.

For those of you who are interested in more of the details behind how DIC works, there is a scan of an old article from the April 1988 American Lab on our website, www.MicroscopyEducation.com. Just go to The Library and Articles.  They are listed in chronological order, with the most recent at  the top.

Good hunting!

Best regards,
Barbara Foster, President

Microscopy/Microscopy Education
7101 Royal Glen Trail, Suite A
McKinney TX 75070
P: (972)924-5310
Skype: fostermme
W: www.MicroscopyEducation.com

NEWS! Visit the NEW and IMPROVED www.MicroscopyEducation.com! And don't forget:  MME is now scheduling customized, on-site courses through Dec 2008.  Call me for a free assessment and quote.





At 09:23 PM 9/10/2008, you wrote:.
Search the CONFOCAL archive at http://listserv.acsu.buffalo.edu/cgi-bin/wa?S1=confocal

Graham<?xml:namespace prefix = o ns = "urn:schemas-microsoft-com:office:office" />

 

While this is not elegant, we collect all three fluorochromes at the same time in a single z stack with the 510.  With the single track option (assuming no bleed through) this will take no more time that a single z tack.  The advantage is that you can sellect one z section, with one fluorophore and know where that fits with regard to all three fluorophores in the z stack.  The only down side is that the data files are larger.

 

In fact we frequently add a DIC image to the Z stack just so we have a historical record of cells.  The DIC is not confocal but a single DIC image is sometimes very useful, and it takes no more time to add a DIC.  For viewing, the DIC channel can turned off when so only the other channels are seen.

 

Dick Burry


----- Original Message -----
From: "Dr. Graham Wright" <[hidden email]>
Date: Wednesday, September 10, 2008 9:27 pm
Subject: Different Z setting per channel - possible on Zeiss/Leica?
To: [hidden email]

> Search the CONFOCAL archive at
> http://listserv.acsu.buffalo.edu/cgi-bin/wa?S1=confocal
>
> Hello,
>
> Here's question that I've been asked that doesn't seem possible
> to do, but I
> wonder if anyone has already done it? One of our users has a
> fixed sample
> with 3 fluorophores (for ease of explanation blue, green and
> red) and would
> like to image all three channels, but with different z setting
> depending on
> the channel. She would like a single medial optical section of
> the blue and
> red channels, but a full z-series from the green channel.
>
> We have both Zeiss (from the LSM 510 series) and Leica (SPE and
> SP5)
> confocals available to us.
>
> I know this is easy by doing 2 different scans: 1 2-channel scan
> of the blue
> and red, then a second scan of a z-series of the green, BUT is
> it possible
> to do this at the single click of a button to save time and user
> input. It
> is possible on the SP5 using the live data mode, but this scope
> is really
> reserved and heavily used for live cell imaging. Our SPE doesn't
> have live
> data mode and therefore applies any Z settings to all sequential
> scans
> (generating unnecessary quantities of data and taking too long).
>
> Any suggestions welcome,
> Thanks,
> Graham
>
>
> --
> BEGIN-ANTISPAM-VOTING-LINKS
> ------------------------------------------------------
>
> Teach CanIt if this mail (ID 678485001) is spam:
> Spam:       
> https://antispam.osu.edu/b.php?c=s&i=678485001&m=c6a1d1b19215Not
> spam:    https://antispam.osu.edu/b.php?c=n&i=678485001&m=c6a1d1b19215
> Forget vote:
> https://antispam.osu.edu/b.php?c=f&i=678485001&m=c6a1d1b19215 ----
> --------------------------------------------------
> END-ANTISPAM-VOTING-LINKS
>




 

George McNamara, Ph.D.
University of Miami, Miller School of Medicine
Image Core
Miami, FL 33010
[hidden email]
[hidden email]
305-243-8436 office
http://home.earthlink.net/~pubspectra/
http://home.earthlink.net/~geomcnamara/
http://www.sylvester.org/research/SR_lab_analytical.asp?ana=desc (Analytical Imaging Core Facility)


Stephen Cody Stephen Cody
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Re: DIC on confocal - OK with non-oscillating laser polarity....

In reply to this post by Christian-103
Search the CONFOCAL archive at http://listserv.acsu.buffalo.edu/cgi-bin/wa?S1=confocal

G’day Rosemary and Christian,

 

I found using Keith Nugent’s algorithm that you can calculate the DIC image from brightfield (BF) images collected with the transmitted light detector (TLD) of a confocal. This technique requires a z-series of BF images and some software (QPm or QPi) to calculate the DIC image even from very thick specimens. Zebrafish embyos that were too thick to obtain DIC images using purely optics, were suitable for this technique. I imagine it will work well with plant tissue too. Also the contribution of heavily absorbing pigments such as melanin could be made to “disappear”.

 

It should also be immune to oscillations in the polarity of your laser as you don’t require a polariser or analyser.

 

See:

Barone-Nugent, E.D., Barty, A. & Nugent, K.A. (2002) Quantitative

phase-amplitude microscopy I: optical microscopy. J. Microsc. 206,

194–203.

 

and

 

S. H. Cody, S. D. Xiang, M . J. Layton, E. Handman,

M. H. C. Lam, J. E. Layton, E. C. Nice & J. K. Heath. (2005)

J. Micros., 217, 265–274

Short Technical Note. A simple method allowing DIC imaging in conjunction with

confocal microscopy.  (I can send a PDF of this paper upon request).

 

Also see:

 

http://www.iatia.com.au/technology/applicationNotes.asp

 

No commercial interest etc.

 

Steve

Stephen H. Cody
Microscopy Manager
Central Resource for Advanced Microscopy
Ludwig Institute for Cancer Research

PO Box 2008 Royal Melbourne Hospital
Victoria,      3050
Australia
Tel: 61 3 9341 3155    Fax: 61 3 9341 3104
email: [hidden email]
www.ludwig.edu.au/labs/confocal.html
www.ludwig.edu.au/confocal

Tip: Learn how to receive reminders about you microscope booking:
www.ludwig.edu.au/confocal/Local/Booking_Hint.htm
 


From: Confocal Microscopy List [mailto:[hidden email]] On Behalf Of Christian
Sent: Friday, 12 September 2008 11:38 PM
To: [hidden email]
Subject: Re: DIC on confocal - OK with non-oscillating laser polarity....

 

Search the CONFOCAL archive at http://listserv.acsu.buffalo.edu/cgi-bin/wa?S1=confocal Rosemary,

You are correct.  I've have given up trying to explain why an entire leaf will never give a decent DIC image.  Funny how those thick cell walls just play all kinds of tricks on our light.

I often tell people they'll just have to get a label to an organelle if they want confirmation, as we're not going to be able to do it via the transmitted light detector.

Christian



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